Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee. Thus sublevel caving is usually used to mine lowgrade, lowvalue orebodies. The ore is then drilled and blasted using longholes between levels, often in a circular or fan pattern, on retreat. Sublevel caving past and future australian centre for.
Mining method selection is the most important decision made in a mine project. Interaction between block caving and rock slope deformation. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. Jun 25, 2010 sublevel caving technique published on jun 25, 2010 sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Evolution of sublevel caving safety improvement through. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. The d8 method does well on points 1, 4 and 5, but resolves flow directions too coarsely point 3 introducing grid bias point 2. Select merge mails into one pdf file under archive method. Historical mine data withheld for proprietary reasons for the period 19902000 indicate that buffer mineral reserves have traditionally been maintained at about 4 years with the lor in excess of years.
The ba5 and bb1e blocks figure 2 below the sill on elevations 630 mbs and 732 mbs respectively were changed from postundercut panel retreat caves to advance undercut block caves to reduce the tunnel deformation and failures caused by high abutment stresses on the production level infrastructure, which was developed and. The simplest method is to use filenew document, and choose the option to combine files into a single pdf. Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee method. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stopingunderground mining methods 1. Block caving is an extreme case of sublevel caving in which instead of a back of ore 5 to 10 ft. Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining methods presentation pdf available february 2014 with 6,829 reads how we measure reads. Methods of mining include stoping, caving, and various methods of working large deposits which, in addition to the method of actually breaking the ore, require elaborate and definite plans of, development of the orebody. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. The append method can be thought of as a merge where the insertion point is the end of the file. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. Optimum sublevel height and drift spacing in sublevel cave.
Weak rock mass and poor flow of material can cause excessive ore loss and dilution in sublevel caving. The production for a mine using sublevel stoping can range from 15 40 tonsemployeeshift, while one stope can produce greater than 25000 tons per month. Numerical simulation of independent advance of ore. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian. The method is still used in a handful of nonmechanised mines in south america, africa, asia and canada. Gravity flow of broken rock muck in dipping narrow veins is complex. The current state of knowledge of subsidence permits a more detailed discussion of longwallinduced subsidence than of the other forms.
Use the mergepdfs method to merge the specified pdf files into a single output file. A stoping method in which relatively thin blocks of ore are caused to cave by successively undermining small panels. Introduction sublevel caving shields into coal mining was a great advance in mechanized extraction of thick coal seams. Mar 30, 2018 in sublevel caving slc, the caving of the hangingwall due to ore extraction emphasises placement of the mining infrastructure in the footwall.
Cavingisthelowestcost underground mining method provided thatthe drawpoint sizeandhandling facilities are tailored tosuitthecavedmaterial andthatthe extraction horizon canbemaintained forthelife ofthedraw. Justintime development model for a sublevel caving. Dec 01, 2016 sublevelcavingmethod newtrax technologies inc. Oct 25, 2017 the loss and dilution of ore by sublevel caving mining method is influenced by gravity flow principles of caved granular materials rocks. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. A 2d discontinuum modelling approach is utilised based on the distinctelement method. Thedailyproduction fromcavemining operations throughout theworldisapproximately. A prognosis methodology for underground infrastructure. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize.
International journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences, vol 44, issue 6, pp. Utilization of these roof supports was advantageous. After the bottom of the block, or panel, is cut up into pillars by drifts and cross drifts, the pillars are robbed, and then the remaining stumps are. The loss and dilution of ore by sublevel caving mining method is influenced by gravity flow principles of caved granular materials rocks. A prognosis methodology for underground infrastructure damage. During drawing the shearer is out of operation and is staying at the tail end of the longwall enabling maximum cross section of coal stream in the conveyor pans. Kvhpm department of mining and mine surveying, royal institute of technology, stockholm, sweden received 1 november 1965 atraetthe following article contains a summary of the results obtained by theoretical calculations, model experiments and largescale. Block caving is the logical stepup of sublevel caving. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Shabanie mine is a sublevel caving underground mining operation in zimbabwe. Numerical simulation of independent advance of ore breaking. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. The block model is discretized to blocks of a userdefined size. In sublevel caving slc, the caving of the hangingwall due to ore extraction emphasises placement of the mining infrastructure in the footwall.
In the settings dialog box, choose a pdf version from the archive format selection box. Caving mines by means of a large 3d physical model. This method is usually considered as an alternate to sublevel caving when a lower dilution method is needed and where the rock is fairly competent. Safety issues in sublevel caving the brow, the edge of the intact rock and the broken rock mass, is the area where many safety hazards are present and is the area where hookup operations. Sublevel stoping, cut and fill mining and sublevel caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. However, sublevel caving leads to greater dilution and is therefore used for lower ore bodies. We use cookies to offer you a better experience, personalize content, tailor advertising, provide social media features, and better understand the use of our services. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. Parameters influencing full scale sublevel caving material. Maakt het mogelijk om pdfbestanden samen te voegen met een simpele drag anddrop interface. The process of identifying and optimizing a method to mine the block 5 orebody started in 1991, and in 2006 incline caving was identified as being technically feasible. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Jun 01, 2010 an underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature.
Different failure models are investigated as a function of the orientation of the jointing pattern relative to the location and progressive development of the block cave. A study of gravity flow principles of sublevel caving method. Introduction sublevel caving shields into coal mining was a great advance in. In order to solve the problem of low production capacity and poor safety conditions of sublevel caving mining at the yingfangzi. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. By combined use of dimensional analysis and similitude studies in physical modelling coupled with numerical simulation, this paper reports results of a study of gravity flow of muck in. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This method of estimating has the added advantage of being unaffected by inflation or deflation since current monetary val. This means that continuous excavation works can be ongoing at one sub level without interfering with another. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian mining. It allows ore economically valuable rock to collapse under its own weight in a controlled fashion. This method is normally used in massive, steeplydipping orebodies with considerable strike length, and usually has a high amount of dilution and low recoveries. Combining pdfs with a zipper method is useful in a variety of.
Block caving is an underground mining method applicable to the extraction of lowgrade, massive ore bodies with the following characteristics. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity. Caving models simulate cave flow for the lifeofmine of a caving operation for several outcomes such as recovery, dilution and production scheduling.
However the general decline in development rates ahead of mining. This paper proposes a method to establish design parameters for an inclined deposit within a weak rock mass and evaluates its effectiveness through a case study. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and sublevel. The official publication of the newcastle and hunter valley speleological society. The following method uses adobe acrobat pro dc, the best pdf editor you can download. Mechanized under ground mines, mechanized open pit mines. The randomness in the method of fairfield and leymarie 1991 is not appealing. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater.
This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. In this section, the pdfmerger class method is presented. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. The footwall infrastructure must thus be positioned sufficiently far into the footwall to avoid. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Project sublevel caving was carried out during the years 2009 and 2011, with a budget on 450 million nok. Glossary in british caving 2 nd edition 1962 an introduction to speleology. Sub level caving method block caving mining engineer. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Helpful article on how to merge pdf files in different ways with pdf24. The ore deposit is developed by a series of sublevels spaced at vertical intervals of 18 to 25 ft or 30 ft 5. About copper mining and mining photo from copper mines in india by n g nair manager mines malanjkhand copper project. This report is advocated towards a layman in block caving in view of getting an impression about the block cave mining method.
While the footwall in general is less affected by ground settlement compared to the hangingwall, the changes in stress field from mining are significant. Upslope and specific catchment areas are deterministic quantities that we should be able to compute in a repeatable way. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Sublevel caving shields and their utilization in mining out disturbed thick. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. A study of gravity flow principles of sublevel caving. The selection of a suitable mining method for an ore deposit requires the consideration of a numerous criteria, such as mininggeological factors, economic factors and miningtechnical factors.